The following parameters are used in place of the "composite
length" and "start point" parameters listed
above.
A similar approach can be made for vertical section/panels of
ore in which regular horizontal thicknesses are the basis for
the compositing procedure.
In its simplest form this type of compositing only requires
one parameter: the minimum grade. The results of this type of
compositing will be a list of all of the intervals in a hole
which can be created by combining adjacent samples which have
grades equal to, or above, the minimum grade. The weighted
average grade will be calculated for each composite.
Unlike the compositing methods described above, this method
does not use pre-defined start and end points for the results.
The number of composites created and the length of each
composite is only dependant on the value of the minimum grade
parameter and the grade of the samples in the hole. When
additional parameters are included, such as, the minimum length
of composites to include in the output results, this compositing
method becomes similar to the methods described below.
Minimum length and grade composites
Economic compositing is carried out in order to create a set
of intersections which meet certain pre-defined criteria. The
two most important criteria are :
- minimum grade (Gm)
- minimum length (Lc).
The compositing can be carried out using these two criteria
alone and will produce a list of intervals which are greater
than, or equal, to Lc in length and have a weighted
grade greater than, or equal, to
Gm. A simple
compositing algorithm using this method would perform the
following steps:
- Start with the first sample in the hole.
- Compare the sample grade (Gs) with the
minimum grade (Gm).
If
Gs > =
Gm then go to step 3
If
Gs <
Gm then move to the next
sample and repeat step 2).
Gc and
Lc)
are equal to the grade and length of the sample (Gs
and Ls).
- Move to the next sample. Its grade and length are
Gs and
Ls.
- Compare the grade of the sample with the minimum grade
If
Gs > =
Gm then combine the length
and grade of the sample to the composite to give new values
for Lc and
Gc and then loop back to
step 4) (unless at the last sample).
If
Gs <
Gm then do not add the sample
to the composite but move to step 6).
- Compare the length of composite with the minimum length
If
Lc > =
LmLm then output this
composite to the results.
- Search down the hole from the current sample until a
sample with a grade greater than
Gm is found or
until the end of hole is reached.
- If a
Gs > =
Gm then loop back to
step 3.
This algorithm can be adapted to include the following:
- Internal dilution.
- Using the method described above, no samples with a
grade less than Gm can be included in the
composite. Consequently, composites will only be output if
the combined length the adjacent samples is > =
Lm
and ALL of the samples have a grade > =
Gm. This
can be resolved by allowing low grade samples to be added
until the length of the composite is > =
Lm. If
the weighted grade of the composite is > =
Gm
then the composite is output. A maximum value can be set for
the amount of low grade material that can be added to the
composite.
- Distance between composites.
- A fixed distance can be set for the gap between
composites formed in the same hole.
- Minimum vertical thickness (Tm).
- This criteria can be used instead of the minimum length
to ensure that composites are only created if their vertical
thickness > = Tm. For example, the value chosen could
represent the smallest flitch height in an open pit gold
mine.
- Maximum composite length/thickness.
- "Seed" Points
- Instead of searching to find all possible composites the
algorithm can be restricted to certain portions of each
hole. This can be specified by entering either a fixed start
or end-point for the composite or a point which must be
included between the start and end of the composite.
The algorithm described above tends to produce composites
which are longer than a geologist may produce manually. This is
because the computer algorithm will continue to add samples to
the composite until the grade is just above the minimum grade
(unless the maximum length or maximum internal dilution criteria
take effect). This can be modified by allowing the option of
selecting composites which either have:
- the greatest length
- the highest grade
- the greatest metal accumulation (grade x length)
- economic composites
An algorithm which uses the first option (greatest length)
will continue to add low grade samples (dilution) to the
composite until its weighted grade reaches the minimum grade
specified or until the maximum internal dilution is reached. The
"highest grade" option produces composites which are
unsatisfactory for use in an ore resource estimation while the
results of the third option, which favours high values of metal
accumulation, are less predictable and can also tend to include
larger amounts of dilution than would appear necessary.
Economically optimized composites
The algorithm which produces these composites is similar to
that for ordinary minimum length and grade compositing except
that it attempts to optimise the net value of a composite. It
does so by producing a composite with the highest possible
result for the following formula:
Gc x
Lc) - (Gm
x Lc)
where
Gc is the grade of the composite,
Lc
is the length (or thickness) of the composite and
Gm
is the minimum grade.
Compositing software
GeoBASys program is the most
versatile and user friendly package available to date. This
program produces all the composites described earlier including
the economically optimised version described above. It has been
successfully utilised for compositing lead and zinc deposits in
the United States, Australia and Ireland and has been found to
produce more satisfactory results than other methods. The
compositing algorithm used by GeoBASys has been further modified
to include the ability to vary the minimum grade criterion
according to the length of the composite. This has been added to
reflect the conditions in which mining costs are reduced when
mining thicker portions of an ore body.
The above extract is from:
Mineral Resources Evaluation
A Practical Approach
(2nd Edition)
by Dr A. E. Annels Ph.D DIC FIMM CEng